By Desis, for Desis and Everyone Else!!
What’s a Desi?
The term “desi” is a term that is commonly used by people from the Indian subcontinent to refer to themselves or other people (origin or ancestry) from the region.
The word “Desi” is derived from the Sanskrit word “desh,” which means “country” or “region” or “homeland”. (‘Sanskrit’ word ‘Desh’? What is Sanskrit?)
Did you ever wonder:
What is Indian culture like? Learn more!
Interesting facts about India you didn’t know about!
Explore Indian customs.
Traveling to India? You are in for a treat – Explore here!
Here are a few articles from this site – use the menu at the very top of this page to discover many more…
Desi people can come from countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and Maldives. The term can also be used to describe aspects of Indian origin culture, including food, clothing, music, and art.
Jaipur
Jaipur, is the vibrant capital of Rajasthan, India, a city steeped in history and resplendent with architectural marvels. Founded in 1727 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II, Jaipur is known as the “Pink City” due to the distinct pink hue that adorns its buildings, symbolizing hospitality.
The grandeur of Jaipur is unmistakable as you explore its magnificent forts and palaces. The majestic Amber Fort, situated on a hilltop, offers panoramic views of the surrounding landscape. Step into its ornate chambers, visit the Diwan-i-Aam (Hall of Public Audience), and be captivated by the breathtaking Sheesh Mahal (Mirror Palace).
The iconic City Palace, a sprawling complex that showcases a fusion of Rajput and Mughal architectural styles. Discover its museums, courtyards, and palatial structures, including the Chandra Mahal and Mubarak Mahal, which offer a glimpse into the royal heritage of Jaipur.
No visit to Jaipur is complete without exploring the enchanting Hawa Mahal, or “Palace of Winds.” This intricate pink sandstone façade with its numerous windows allowed royal ladies to observe street festivities while maintaining their privacy.
The Jantar Mantar, an awe-inspiring observatory built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II. This UNESCO World Heritage Site showcases an array of astronomical instruments, allowing visitors to marvel at the ingenuity of ancient Indian astronomers.
The Johri Bazaar and Bapu Bazaar, are great to shop and a great place to can find exquisite textiles, jewelry, handicrafts, and traditional Rajasthani attire.
Jaipur, with its rich history, magnificent forts, palaces, and bustling markets, offers a captivating blend of culture and architectural wonders. Prepare to be mesmerized by the Pink City’s royal heritage and immerse yourself in the opulence of Rajasthan.
Diabetes & Desis
The Historical Link Between British Colonialism and Diabetes in Indians
Did you know that India’s diabetes problem has roots deeper than just diet or genetics? There’s an unexpected historical culprit lurking behind this health crisis: British colonialism. Yes, British rule over the Indian subcontinent didn’t just reshape its politics and economy—it also left a lasting impact on the health of generations of Indians. Let’s explore how the shadow of colonialism, through famines and epigenetic changes, continues to affect the health of Indians today.
A Shocking Surge in Major Famines under the British
During British colonial rule, India faced an unprecedented rise in famines. While droughts were always a risk, British policies turned them into disasters. Between 1858 and 1947, the period known as the British Raj, millions of lives were lost to starvation. The colonizers were more concerned with exporting resources than feeding the local population.
Conservatively, over 25+ million Indian lives were lost aided greatly by the policies of the British East India Company – which was licensed and supported by the British crown
SOURCE
British East India Company rule: 1757-1858
British Crown rule (British Raj): 1858-1947
Take the Great Famine of 1876-1878 as an example—it ravaged southern India, claiming an estimated 5 to 11 million lives. Another horrifying example is the Bengal Famine of 1943, during which over 3 million people perished due to severe malnutrition. And here’s the kicker: it wasn’t just natural droughts causing this. British policies played a huge role(The Daily Star)(YouTube).
British Policies and the Famine Tragedies
One of the most shocking aspects is that British policies during World War II made things worse. When India pleaded for emergency food supplies, Winston Churchill’s government diverted essential resources to fuel the war effort, leaving millions to starve. Imagine this: while India was facing famine, rice continued to be exported from the country!
Timeline of major famines in India during British rule – Wikipedia
In fact, a study published in Global and Planetary Change shows that before British rule, there were 0.84 famines per century, but during the British Raj, that number skyrocketed to 2.83 famines per century—a 236% increase (The Daily Star).
Epigenetics and Starvation Adaptation
Now, this is where things get even more interesting. Epigenetics is the study of how environmental factors, like famine, affect gene expression. Essentially, the trauma of these famines left an imprint on Indian DNA. The result? Indian bodies adapted to conserve energy in times of scarcity, which made them more efficient at storing fat. While this was a survival mechanism back then, it now makes Indians more susceptible to modern diseases like type 2 diabetes (Sputnik India).
Surviving even just one famine has a multi-generational effect. Studies show that individuals who lived through famines passed on genetic traits that increased the risk of diabetes in their descendants (Sputnik India).
Survival Adaptations and Diabetes Risk
So, how does this work? When the body is adapted to survive on minimal food, it holds onto energy—think of it as your body going into “survival mode.” But in today’s world of food abundance, this adaptation can be harmful. Indians, who are genetically wired to store energy efficiently, now struggle with high blood sugar levels, leading to a higher risk of diabetes. It’s like the body is still preparing for the next famine that never comes (The Daily Star)(Sputnik India).
The Modern Challenge
Fast forward to today, and we see a strange mismatch. While food scarcity is no longer a widespread issue, the genetic adaptation to starvation still exists in Indian populations. And with two-thirds of packaged foods containing added sugar, it’s no wonder that diabetes rates are soaring. Indians are now facing a double-edged sword: genetic predisposition combined with modern dietary habits that work against them (Sputnik India).
Lifestyle Choices & Decolonizing Health Research
Now, while we can’t change our genetic makeup, there are steps Indians can take to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. One promising solution is to revisit traditional health practices like Ayurveda, yoga, and holistic diets. These time-tested methods emphasize balance and can help manage health risks.
It’s also crucial to decolonize health research. The unique health needs of diverse ethnicities like South Asians need to be acknowledged in modern medicine. The rise in diabetes calls for culturally sensitive approaches to health advice, especially in light of rising insulin costs (Sputnik India).
Lasting Genetic Legacy of Famines
The legacy of British colonialism in India goes beyond politics—it’s embedded in the very DNA of the population. The famines caused by colonial policies have left a genetic footprint that increases the risk of diabetes in Indians today. But with the right understanding of history, epigenetics, and a return to balanced, traditional lifestyles, Indians can work toward reducing this burden.
It’s a journey deeply rooted in the past, but with hope for a healthier future.
FAQs
1. How did British colonialism contribute to diabetes in India?
- British policies led to severe famines, which caused genetic adaptations that make Indians more prone to diabetes today.
2. What is the epigenetic link between famines and diabetes?
- The experience of starvation during famines altered gene expression in survivors, making them and their descendants more efficient at storing fat, which increases diabetes risk.
3. How many people died in the Bengal Famine of 1943?
- Over 3 million people died due to malnutrition during the Bengal Famine, exacerbated by British wartime policies.
4. Can traditional Indian health practices help manage diabetes?
- Yes, practices like Ayurveda and yoga promote balance and can help manage the risk of type 2 diabetes by focusing on holistic health.
5. Why are South Asians more prone to diabetes?
- Genetic factors stemming from historical famines, coupled with modern diets high in sugar, contribute to the higher rates of diabetes among South Asians.
6. What can be done to reduce the risk of diabetes in Indians?
- Embracing a balanced diet, regular physical activity, and revisiting traditional health practices can help mitigate the risk.
Sources:
How British colonialism increased diabetes in south Asians
How History Still Weighs Heavy On South Asian Bodies Today
Davis, Mike. “Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World.” Verso, 2001. In his book – Davis argues that the El Niño famines that occurred in India, China, and Brazil in the late 19th century were not simply natural disasters, but were also caused by British imperialism and capitalist globalization. He shows how British colonial policies, such as land taxes and the export of food, made it difficult for people to cope with the famines.
Basu, S. (2016). ‘Bengal Tiger and British Lion: An Account of the Bengal Famine of 1943.’ The Journal of Peasant Studies, 43(2), 413-441.
Ramachandran, A., et al. (2010). ‘Increased incidence of gestational diabetes with increasing age in the Chennai Urban Population: Results of a 13 year study.’ Diabetologia, 53(9), 1907-1914.
Are you a Hindu?
Summary
Hinduism is the world’s oldest religion, with a history dating back over 4000 years. It is a diverse religion with a wide range of beliefs and practices, but there are some key concepts that are common to all Hindus:
Dharma: which refers to one’s duty or obligation in all aspects of life – physical, fiscal, social, moral, spiritual, religious and so on – is a must to lead a happy and fulfilling life.
Moksha: liberation from the cycle of birth and death. Moksha is the ultimate goal of all Hindus, and it is achieved through a process of pursuit of spiritual enlightenment.
Hinduism is different from other religions in a number of ways. For example, Hinduism does not have a single founder or sacred text, and there is no single set of beliefs that all Hindus must adhere to. Hinduism is probably the most inclusive, tolerant and accepting of any religion, belief or non-belief systems and it is not uncommon for Hindus to worship other deities or participate in other religious practices. To them all are just different pathways to seek the ultimate knowledge, truth – the divine.
Hindus can choose to be
polytheistic, pantheistic, panentheistic, pandeistic,
henotheistic, monotheistic, monistic, agnostic,
atheistic or humanist.[66][67][68]
Source
Here are some other ways in which Hinduism is different from other religions:
- Hinduism is not exclusive. There is no single set of beliefs that all Hindus must adhere to, and it is not necessary to convert to Hinduism in order to practice it.
- Hinduism is not dogmatic. There is no single authority that interprets Hindu scripture, and there is a great deal of freedom for individuals to interpret their own beliefs. It’s perfectly acceptable to not believe in a divine too.
- Hinduism is not proselytizing. Hindus do not believe that it is necessary to convert others to their religion, and they accept and respect the beliefs of other people.
Hinduism is a complex and fascinating religious and philosophical system with a rich history and traditions. It is a religion that is constantly evolving.
The concepts of Religion and Spirituality
Let us first learn what these are!
Religion and spirituality are both about seeking meaning and connection, but they do so in different ways. Religion is a more structured and organized system of beliefs, rituals, and practices, while spirituality is a more personal and individual journey.
Religion
Religion provides a framework for understanding and experiencing the divine or sacred, often through a community of people who share common beliefs and participate in collective religious activities. Spirituality, on the other hand, is about seeking a deeper connection with the divine or exploring the ultimate nature of reality. It can be seen as a personal, individual quest for meaning, purpose, and transcendence.
Spirituality
While religion can provide a framework for spirituality, spirituality can exist independently of organized religion. People can be religious and spiritual at the same time, finding spiritual fulfillment within the context of a religious tradition. However, individuals can also be spiritual without identifying with any specific religion or adhering to its practices. They may explore and develop their spiritual beliefs, practices, and experiences in a more individualized and eclectic manner.
Ultimately, the quest for understanding, connection, and transcendence is deeply personal, and individuals have the freedom to explore and define their own spiritual and religious paths based on their beliefs, experiences, and values.
Here are some additional points to keep in mind:
- The definitions of religion and spirituality can vary depending on cultural, historical, and individual perspectives.
- There is no right or wrong way to be religious or spiritual.
- The most important thing is to find what works for you and to be open to exploring different paths.
The story behind the word Hindu
The term “Hindu” has a long and convoluted history.
The word Hindu is thought to have originated from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which means “river” or “ocean.” The Sindhu River is a major river in northwestern Indian subcontinent now mostly in Pakistan.
Ancient Persia: Around 500 BCE, the Persian Empire was one of the major powers in the ancient world. The Persians interacted with people from the Indian subcontinent, particularly those living along the banks of the Sindhu River (the Indus River). In the Persian language, the letter “S” is often pronounced as “H,” so the river “Sindhu” was referred to as “Hindu.”
The Persians called the people of the Indus Valley and beyond, “Hindus” because they lived beyond the Sindhu River.
Greeks and Ancient India: The term “Hindu” made its way into Greek literature through contacts with the Persians. The Greek historians and travelers who came into contact with the Indian subcontinent started using the term “Indoi” to refer to the people living in the region around the Sindhu River.
Arabic and Islamic Influence: With the expansion of Islamic empires into the Indian subcontinent around the 8th century CE, the term “Hindu” further spread. The Arabic-speaking people of those empires used the word “al-Hind” to refer to the land and people of the Indian subcontinent.
British Colonial Period: During the British colonial rule in India, the term “Hindu” was used to distinguish the followers of the indigenous religious and cultural traditions of India from other religious communities, such as Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, and others.
The word Hindu eventually came to be used to refer to all people who practiced the religion of Hinduism, which again is a made up word! More on this below.
It is important to note that the word Hindu is not a religious term in itself. It is simply a geographical term that was used to refer to people who lived beyond the river Sindhu.
The valley of the river Sindhu, itself is now called Indus valley.
Why Indus? That’s another story you can read about it here. (coming soon)
As time passed, the name stuck, and the land beyond the Sindhu River became known as Hindustan, meaning “the land of the Hindus”.
So, in a way, you could say that the Persians were the inventors of the term “Hindu” without even realizing it!
The story behind the word Hinduism
The word “Hinduism” is a relatively new word – very recently made up!
It was first used in the 19th century by Western scholars to refer to the religious beliefs and practices of the people of India.
The word “Hinduism” is not a word that was ever used by Hindus (see what is hindu above) themselves, historically – till very recently. They typically refer to their religion as Sanatana Dharma, which means “the eternal law” – or to mean an eternal way of life.
The word Hinduism – was coined by British scholars who were studying the widely diverse spiritual and religious practices of India.
The word Hinduism was used to refer to the ‘religion’ of what they saw in India, and it quickly became an umbrella term encompassing a wide range of beliefs, practices, and worldviews found in India.
It’s worth noting that “Hinduism” isn’t just a single monolithic entity like how religion is categorized normally in the rest of the world.
It encompasses a rich tapestry of beliefs, rituals, and philosophies, including but not limited to Vedanta, Yoga, Bhakti, Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and much much more.
Think of it as a vibrant ecology of similar but different spiritual systems, offering a diverse range of experiences, rituals, beliefs, practices, philosophies, paths and perspectives.
“Hinduism” emerged as a convenient term to encompass the vast array of religious, spiritual and philosophical traditions in India.
Hinduism – a unique cultural and philosophical tradition
Hinduism’s unique characteristics and diversity make it challenging to fit neatly into the conventional definition of “religion”.
While the term “religion” is commonly used to describe organized belief systems centered around specific doctrines, texts, and rituals, Hinduism does not have a centralized authority, founder, or a uniform set of beliefs.
Hinduism is deeply intertwined with the cultural fabric of India and encompasses diverse religious, social, and philosophical elements. It embraces a broad spectrum of practices, from elaborate temple rituals to individual meditation and yoga. Hinduism also allows for a multitude of gods and goddesses, with various regional and sectarian deities venerated.
Moreover, Hinduism’s philosophical underpinnings explore profound concepts such as dharma, karma, and moksha, delving into existential questions of life, purpose, and the nature of reality. It incorporates diverse philosophical systems like Vedanta, Yoga, and Samkhya, making it so much more than what is referred to as a what traditionally is called “religion”.
Attempting to fit Hinduism into the category of “religion” might overlook its unique characteristics and diminish the rich cultural and philosophical heritage it represents. It would be more appropriate to view Hinduism as a holistic way of life, a cultural identity, and a philosophical tradition that encompasses religious and non-religious aspects.
How is Hinduism different from other religions?
Hinduism lacks a single authoritative text or a centralized religious authority, which sets it apart from organized religions. There is no universally accepted creed or dogma that all Hindus must adhere to, allowing for a wide variety of interpretations, philosophies, and practices.
Hinduism exhibits greater diversity, flexibility, and openness. It accommodates a broad range of beliefs, practices, and spiritual paths within its framework, allowing individuals to find their own unique expression of their spirituality and encourages personal connections with the divine which aligns with the broader concept of spirituality.
Furthermore, Hinduism’s emphasis on the cyclical nature of time, the recognition of numerous deities as manifestations of the divine, and the incorporation of rituals and ceremonies tied to specific social and cultural contexts further distinguish it from the other major religions.
Some commonalities with other religions
Though Hinduism differs from other major religions in several ways, it still shares some commonalities with them.
Religion, in its broader sense, refers to organized systems of beliefs and practices that seek to understand the nature of existence, the divine, and the purpose of human life.
While Hinduism may not conform to the conventional definition of religion, it is still regarded as a religious tradition due to its inherent spiritual and metaphysical elements.
Despite its diversity and lack of a centralized authority, Hinduism exhibits key characteristics that align with the broader understanding of religion.
Hinduism encompasses beliefs in the divine, worship practices, rituals, and moral and ethical frameworks. It provides guidance on how to live a righteous life, attain spiritual liberation, and establish a relationship with the divine.
Hindu scriptures, such as the Vedas, Upanishads, and Bhagavad Gita, contain sacred teachings and philosophical insights that shape the religious worldview of Hindus.
Furthermore, the presence of temples, religious ceremonies, and pilgrimage sites indicates the religious nature of Hinduism. These practices and institutions facilitate communal worship, spiritual growth, and the preservation of religious traditions.
While Hinduism’s flexibility and diversity set it apart, it still shares core religious attributes, such as the pursuit of ultimate truth, the search for meaning and purpose, and the quest for spiritual enlightenment. The spiritual and religious dimensions of Hinduism cannot be ignored, even if it defies rigid categorization.
Hinduism is more of a tradition due to its spiritual and metaphysical aspects, belief systems, provides a framework for individuals to explore their spirituality, engage in religious practices, and find guidance in matters of morality and ethics.
It is essential to recognize and respect the complexity and richness of Hinduism as it exists in its various forms and interpretations.
Then why use ‘religion’ to describe Hinduism?
Using the term “religion” for Hinduism allows for comparative analysis, understanding its similarities and differences with other traditions, and recognizing its significance within the broader context of human spirituality.
It is a matter of convenience to use a familiar term to categorize and discuss various belief systems and practices, even if they exhibit diverse characteristics.
Using the term “religion” allows for facilitating a deeper exploration of human spirituality and the diverse ways people seek meaning and connection with the divine.
All these traditions involve seeking a connection with a higher power, have moral and ethical frameworks, rituals, and communal practices. While the specific doctrines and practices may differ, the overarching purpose of providing guidance, meaning, and a sense of spirituality is present in Hinduism as well as the others.
Some frequently asked questions
What is a Hindu?
A Hindu is someone who follows or identifies with the religious, cultural, and philosophical traditions of Hinduism. Hinduism is one of the oldest religions in the world and has a rich tapestry of beliefs, rituals, and philosophies. Hindus revere a diverse array of deities, embrace spiritual practices, and seek to understand the nature of existence and the divine.
Did you know?
Hindus can choose to be
polytheistic, pantheistic, panentheistic, pandeistic,
henotheistic, monotheistic, monistic, agnostic,
atheistic or humanist.[66][67][68]
Source
Who is a Hindu?
Being a Hindu is not strictly defined by birth or ancestry. In general, anyone who chooses to embrace Hindu beliefs and practices can consider themselves a Hindu.
Hinduism is inclusive, accepting and respects individual freedom in matters of faith or no faith. People from different backgrounds, nationalities, and ethnicities can be Hindus through their sincere interest, exploration, and acceptance of Hindu philosophy and practices.
How can one convert to Hinduism?
Unlike some other religions, Hinduism does not have a standardized or any conversion process or formal ceremony for conversion. If something formal is desired, something can be done – mostly as a symbolic gesture – but there is no prescribed ritual for this.
Being a Hindu is a personal and an individual journey.
It could involve studying Hindu philosophy, engaging in spiritual practices, and embracing the principles and values of Hinduism. This can be done through self-study, guidance from Hindu teachers or gurus, and participating in Hindu rituals and community events.
Who is the founder of Hindu or Hinduism?
Hinduism does not have a single founder in the conventional sense. It has evolved over thousands of years, influenced by various sages, seers, philosophers, and religious movements.
The ancient texts known as the Vedas and the Upanishads are considered foundational to Hinduism, but they emerged from a collective wisdom passed down through generations.
Hinduism is more like a tapestry woven together by countless individuals who have contributed to its beliefs, rituals, and spiritual insights. See more information above.
What book or text do Hindus follow?
There is no prescribed book or text to follow in order to follow a spiritual path in Hinduism.
There are a wide range of sacred texts that hold significance for its followers.
Here are some of the key texts that Hindus may follow and consider as important sources of wisdom and guidance:
Vedas
The Vedas are ancient scriptures dating back thousands of years and are considered the oldest and most authoritative texts in Hinduism. They are composed of hymns, rituals, philosophical discussions, and mystical insights. The Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda are the four main divisions of the Vedas.
Upanishads
The Upanishads are philosophical and mystical texts that form the concluding portions of the Vedas. They explore profound concepts such as the nature of reality, the self (Atman), and the ultimate truth (Brahman). The Upanishads are known for their deep spiritual insights and are revered as a source of spiritual knowledge.
Bhagavad Gita
The Bhagavad Gita is a revered Hindu scripture that is part of the ancient Indian epic, the Mahabharata. It presents a dialogue between the prince Arjuna and Lord Krishna, who serves as his charioteer. The Bhagavad Gita addresses important ethical and philosophical dilemmas, emphasizing the paths of devotion, knowledge, and selfless action.
Ramayana
The Ramayana is an epic poem attributed to the sage Valmiki and narrates the life and adventures of Lord Rama, his wife Sita, and his loyal devotee Hanuman. It teaches moral values, righteousness, and the importance of fulfilling one’s duties.
Mahabharata
The Mahabharata is another epic poem that includes the Bhagavad Gita within it. It tells the story of the great Kurukshetra war between two factions of a royal family, the Pandavas and the Kauravas. It contains diverse narratives, philosophical discourses, and moral teachings.
Puranas
The Puranas are a collection of ancient texts that contain mythological narratives, genealogies of deities and sages, legends, and cosmology. They serve to entertain, educate, and convey moral and spiritual teachings. Examples of Puranas include the Vishnu Purana, Shiva Purana, and Devi Bhagavata Purana.
These texts, along with many others, form the foundation of Hindu spiritual and philosophical thought. It’s important to note that there are regional variations in the texts considered authoritative, and different sects and traditions may place emphasis on specific texts based on their beliefs and practices.
What do Hindus believe or believe in?
Hindus hold a diverse array of beliefs that reflect their spiritual and philosophical outlook. While beliefs can vary among individuals, here are some key aspects that many Hindus embrace:
The Divine and Deities
Hindus believe in the existence of a divine reality that permeates everything in the universe. They understand this divine reality in various forms and names. Hindus worship numerous deities, such as Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Lakshmi, Saraswati, and many more. These deities are seen as manifestations or embodiment of different aspects of the divine.
Karma and Reincarnation
Hindus believe in the concept of karma, which is the law of cause and effect. They believe that every action has consequences, and one’s actions in this life will shape their future experiences. Hindus also believe in reincarnation, the idea that the soul is reborn into new bodies after death. Reincarnation continues until the soul achieves spiritual liberation (moksha).
Dharma and Moral Conduct
Dharma refers to the ethical and moral duties and responsibilities that individuals have in their lives. Hindus believe in living a righteous life and fulfilling their dharma according to their societal roles, such as being a good family member, fulfilling professional responsibilities, and treating others with respect and compassion.
Paths to Liberation
Hindus acknowledge that there are different paths to spiritual liberation (moksha). These paths include the path of devotion (Bhakti Yoga), the path of knowledge and wisdom (Gyana Yoga), the path of selfless action (Karma Yoga), and the path of meditation and self-realization (Raja Yoga). Each path caters to different spiritual inclinations and offers ways to connect with the divine.
Sacred Scriptures
Hindus hold reverence for sacred texts such as the Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, Ramayana, and Mahabharata. These texts contain philosophical teachings, moral guidelines, potentially historic stories, and spiritual insights that guide Hindus in their beliefs and practices.
It’s important to note that Hinduism allows for individual interpretation and personal spiritual exploration. Beliefs can vary among different sects, regions, and individual Hindus. Hinduism is a dynamic and inclusive tradition that encourages individuals to find their own path and connect with the divine in a way that resonates with them.
Some different schools or philosophies in Hinduism
Hinduism has a wide array of philosophical schools and philosophies or perspectives, offering individuals the freedom to explore and embrace different paths based on their inclinations and beliefs.
Here is a list of some prominent philosophical schools within Hinduism, along with a brief description of each:
Advaita Vedanta
Non-dualistic philosophy that emphasizes the oneness of the individual soul (Atman) and the universal consciousness (Brahman).
Dvaita Vedanta
Dualistic philosophy that asserts the eternal distinction between the individual soul (Jiva) and the supreme divine (Paramatman).
Vishishtadvaita Vedanta
Qualified non-dualism that emphasizes the individual’s unity with the divine, while acknowledging their distinct identities.
Samkhya
Philosophy that explores the duality of matter and spirit, emphasizing the need to attain liberation by discerning the difference between the eternal self (Purusha) and matter (Prakriti).
Yoga
Philosophy that focuses on the union of body, mind, and spirit through various practices, aiming to attain self-realization and spiritual enlightenment.
Nyaya
Philosophy that employs logical reasoning and argumentation to gain knowledge, exploring subjects like epistemology, metaphysics, and ethics.
Mimamsa
Philosophy centered on ritualistic practices, scriptural interpretation, and the concept of dharma.
Vaisheshika
Philosophy that examines the nature of reality, emphasizing the atomic and elemental composition of the universe.
Tantra
Philosophy that incorporates ritualistic practices, meditation, and the worship of deities to attain spiritual growth and realization.
Nastika Philosophies
Schools of thought that do not accept the authority of the Vedas, such as Charvaka (materialism) and Jainism (followed by Jains) and Buddhism (followed by Buddhists).
These philosophical schools offer diverse perspectives on fundamental questions about the nature of reality, the purpose of life, and the path to spiritual liberation.
Buddhism and Jainism, acknowledge the existence of higher states of consciousness, and spiritual dimensions.
Hindus have the liberty to explore and align themselves with the philosophy that resonates most with their beliefs and spiritual journey.
What is a Hindu supposed to do?!
Hinduism acknowledges specific pursuits or goals that individuals may undertake in their spiritual journey.
These pursuits are known as the four purusharthas, which provide a framework for leading a fulfilling and meaningful life.
The word purushartha is derived from two Sanskrit roots; purusha, meaning man or here – a “human being,” and artha, meaning “purpose” or “objective.” As such, purushartha can be translated as the “object of human pursuit” or “purpose of human beings.”
Let’s explore each of these pursuits:
- Dharma: Dharma refers to fulfilling one’s moral and ethical duties and responsibilities. It encompasses living in accordance with the principles of righteousness, honesty, and integrity. Indians believe that following dharma leads to harmony and balance in personal and social life. The pursuit of dharma involves adhering to societal norms, fulfilling familial obligations, and performing one’s duties with a sense of duty and righteousness. Dharma trumps the other goals below when there is a conflict – basically, always do the right thing!
- Artha: Artha refers to the pursuit of material well-being, wealth, and prosperity. It involves the responsible acquisition of resources and the development of skills and abilities to support oneself and one’s family. The pursuit of artha is not seen as inherently negative but is encouraged within the framework of dharma, ensuring that wealth is acquired through ethical means and used for the benefit of oneself, one’s family and others in the community at large.
- Kama: Kama encompasses the pursuit of pleasure, desires, and aesthetic enjoyments. It refers to the legitimate fulfillment of sensual, emotional, and romantic desires within the bounds of dharma. Kama recognizes the importance of balanced and harmonious relationships, the enjoyment of beauty, and the fulfillment of desires in a responsible and ethical manner (Dharma).
- Moksha: Moksha is the ultimate pursuit in Hinduism, representing liberation from the cycle of birth and death. It involves seeking spiritual enlightenment, self-realization, and union with the divine. The pursuit of moksha involves transcending the limitations of the material world and achieving a state of eternal bliss, unity, and liberation from suffering.
These pursuits are not mutually exclusive, and Hindus strive to find a balance among them based on their stage of life, personal inclinations, and spiritual goals. The four purusharthas provide a holistic approach to life, encompassing the pursuit of righteousness, material well-being, balanced desires, and ultimately, spiritual liberation.
It’s important to note that the emphasis placed on each pursuit can vary depending on individual beliefs, cultural practices, and spiritual paths within Hinduism. The specific pursuits and their priorities may differ among different sects, regions, and individual Hindus.
How many times are Hindus supposed to pray?
There is no specific requirement or fixed number of times that Hindus are supposed to pray. The frequency and timing of prayer can vary among individuals and communities within Hinduism. Hinduism recognizes the diversity of spiritual practices and allows individuals to find their own ways of connecting with the divine.
Some Hindus may choose to pray multiple times a day, while others may have a specific prayer routine once or twice a day. The choice of prayer frequency often depends on personal preferences, cultural traditions, and spiritual inclinations.
Certain Hindus may incorporate prayers into their daily routines, such as offering prayers in the morning upon waking up or in the evening before retiring for the night. Others may offer prayers before meals or engage in specific rituals and devotional practices during auspicious occasions or festivals.
Additionally, prayer in Hinduism can take various forms, such as reciting mantras, performing puja (worship rituals), engaging in meditation, or expressing devotion through singing hymns or bhajans.
It’s important to note that while prayer is a significant aspect of Hinduism, the religion also emphasizes the importance of a sincere and heartfelt connection with the divine. The quality of prayer and the intention behind it are often considered more important than the quantity or frequency.
Is prayer required to be a good hindu?
No, prayer is not required to be considered a good Hindu. While prayer is a somewhat common practice in Hinduism and holds significant importance for many Hindus, it is not a mandatory requirement for being a good Hindu or for leading a spiritually fulfilling life.
Hinduism recognizes that individuals have different spiritual inclinations and preferences. Some may find solace and connection with the divine through prayer, while others may connect through meditation, selfless service, or philosophical contemplation.
Being a good Hindu is more about living in accordance with the principles of dharma (righteousness), cultivating virtues such as compassion, honesty, and self-discipline, and seeking spiritual growth and realization. It involves leading a moral and ethical life, fulfilling one’s responsibilities, and treating others with respect and kindness.
While prayer can be a valuable tool for personal reflection, expressing devotion, and seeking spiritual connection, it is not the sole determinant of one’s goodness as a Hindu. The sincerity of one’s intentions, the ethical conduct, and the commitment to personal growth and spiritual development are equally important aspects of being a good Hindu.
Hinduism allows individuals to find their own spiritual path and practices that resonate with their unique temperament and beliefs. The emphasis is on cultivating a deep connection with the divine and leading a virtuous life, and the specific practices one chooses, including prayer, may vary based on personal inclination and cultural traditions.
Do Hindus believe in Heaven and Hell?
Hinduism encompasses a wide range of beliefs regarding the nature of existence after death. Here are a some perspectives:
- Reincarnation and Karma: One common belief in Hinduism is the concept of reincarnation, which holds that the soul or atman (which is slightly different from what the word soul represents) is reborn into new bodies after death. The circumstances of the next life are believed to be influenced by one’s actions and choices in the previous life, known as karma. This cycle of birth and death continues until the soul attains liberation (moksha) from the cycle of reincarnation.
- Higher and Lower Realms: Some Hindu scriptures and philosophical traditions mention the existence of different realms (dimensions?) or lokas (worlds), including higher and lower realms of existence. These realms are not necessarily eternal destinations like Heaven and Hell in other religions but rather temporary states or planes of existence based on one’s accumulated karma.
- Swarga and Naraka: Hindu mythology and scriptures also mention realms called Swarga and Naraka. Swarga is often described as a heavenly realm where virtuous individuals may experience joy, celestial pleasures, and a higher quality of existence. Naraka, on the other hand, is depicted as a realm of suffering and temporary punishment for those who have committed immoral actions. These realms are not considered eternal, as souls may eventually exhaust their good or bad karma and continue on their spiritual journey.
It’s important to note that these beliefs are not universally accepted by all Hindus. Hinduism is a diverse and inclusive tradition with multiple philosophical perspectives and interpretations. Some Hindus may focus more on the ultimate goal of liberation (moksha) rather than specific afterlife realms. Others may interpret the concepts of Heaven and Hell metaphorically, symbolizing states of consciousness or the consequences of one’s actions in this life.
Is there a second coming or a day of Judgement?
Hinduism does not have a specific concept of a second coming of a messiah like the ones found in some other religions. The idea of a messiah or a specific figure who will return to fulfill a particular role in the future is not a prominent belief within Hinduism.
Similarly, Hinduism does not have a singular designated day of atonement or judgment akin to some other religious traditions. The understanding of karma and the cycle of birth and death in Hinduism implies that the consequences of one’s actions unfold over multiple lifetimes rather than being concentrated on a specific day of judgment.
Hinduism’s focus is more on the individual’s spiritual growth, self-realization, and liberation (moksha) from the cycle of birth and death. It places emphasis on the present actions and their karmic consequences, as well as the pursuit of spiritual evolution in this lifetime and beyond.
That said, Hinduism does acknowledge the cyclical nature of time and the concept of yugas, which are epochs or eras that span thousands of years. Some Hindu texts mention the cyclical rise and fall of righteousness and the advent of avatars or divine incarnations in various yugas to restore balance and righteousness.
These avatars, such as Lord Rama and Lord Krishna, are believed to have appeared in different yugas to uphold dharma (righteousness) and guide humanity. However, the focus is not on a singular second coming but rather on a cyclical pattern of divine incarnations throughout time.
What is a Yuga? Are there many?
A yuga, in Hinduism, refers to a cosmic age or epoch that is part of a larger cycle of time. It is a concept that describes different eras in which human civilization evolves, and each yuga is associated with specific characteristics and qualities. The yuga system is not only a religious belief but also a way to understand the cyclical nature of time and the patterns of human existence.
There are four main yugas mentioned in Hindu scriptures, known as the Chaturyuga:
Satya Yuga (or Krita Yuga)
This is considered the golden age, characterized by righteousness, truth, virtue, and spiritual abundance. It is believed to be an era of high spiritual consciousness and a close connection between humanity and the divine.
Treta Yuga
The Treta Yuga is marked by a decline in righteousness compared to the Satya Yuga. It is associated with the emergence of conflicts and a decrease in spiritual purity. However, the practice of dharma and religious rituals is still prevalent.
Dvapara Yuga
In the Dvapara Yuga, the decline continues further. People’s connection with spirituality and moral values becomes weaker, and materialism gains prominence. Religious rituals and social divisions become more prominent during this era.
Kali Yuga
The Kali Yuga is considered the current age we are living in. It is described as an era of spiritual darkness, moral decay, and societal challenges. It is believed to be a time of increased ignorance, materialism, and selfishness. However, it is also believed that spiritual practices and devotion can provide solace and upliftment during this challenging period.
The duration of each yuga is said to follow a specific ratio, with the Satya Yuga being the longest and the Kali Yuga being the shortest. The complete cycle of the four yugas is known as a Mahayuga or a Great Age, which is believed to repeat in a continuous cycle.
While the yuga system is a religious belief rooted in Hindu scriptures, it also serves as a metaphorical framework for understanding the cyclical nature of time, societal changes, and the evolution of human consciousness. Different interpretations and variations of the yuga system can be found within different Hindu traditions and philosophical schools.
What happens after this Mahayuga?
After the completion of one cycle of the four yugas (Satya, Treta, Dvapara, and Kali), the cycle repeats itself, forming a larger unit of time known as a Mahayuga or a Great Age. The completion of a Mahayuga marks the end of one cosmic cycle and the beginning of a new one.
According to Hindu scriptures, after the completion of a Mahayuga, a period of dissolution and re-creation takes place. This period is referred to as the Pralaya, wherein the universe undergoes a process of cosmic destruction and renewal.
During the Pralaya, it is believed that the entire universe, including the gods and all living beings, returns to a state of non-manifestation. This dissolution is followed by a period of rest and inactivity, allowing for the preparation of the next cycle of creation.
So basically, a reboot of the cosmic computer, like restarting your laptop or desktop…clears out the cache and reloads the operating system and other standard software as part of the system start up schedule…
After the Pralaya, a new cosmic cycle begins, and the four yugas (Satya, Treta, Dvapara, and Kali) unfold once again. This cycle of creation, sustenance, dissolution, and recreation is considered eternal and cyclical in Hindu cosmology.
It’s important to note that the understanding of cosmic cycles, including the Pralaya and the subsequent recreation, is rooted in Hindu metaphysical beliefs. The specific details and interpretations of these events can vary among different Hindu traditions, philosophical schools, and scriptures.
The emphasis in Hinduism, however, is often on the present actions and spiritual evolution of individuals rather than speculation about the specific events that occur after the completion of a cosmic cycle. Hinduism encourages individuals to focus on their spiritual growth, the pursuit of liberation (moksha), and leading a virtuous life in the current yuga they find themselves in.
The term Desi can refer to people of Indian subcontinent origin or ancestry, or it can refer to the cultural practices and products of the region.
Desi food, will include dishes such as biryani, Pongal, samosas, Dosa, Idli, Parantha, Chawal and dal, while Desi fashion may feature traditional clothing styles like sarees, salwar kameez, Dhoti, and kurta pajama.
Desi music may include traditional folk music (dozens of styles), classical music (also several distinct schools), traditional dance (several traditional and ancient styles) and popular movie or music genres like Bollywood, Tollywood, Kollywood, Mollywood (all different regional language film industry names – a play on the word Hollywood).
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