By Desis, for Desis and Everyone Else!!
What’s a Desi?
The term “desi” is a term that is commonly used by people from the Indian subcontinent to refer to themselves or other people (origin or ancestry) from the region.
The word “Desi” is derived from the Sanskrit word “desh,” which means “country” or “region” or “homeland”. (‘Sanskrit’ word ‘Desh’? What is Sanskrit?)
Did you ever wonder:
What is Indian culture like? Learn more!
Interesting facts about India you didn’t know about!
Explore Indian customs.
Traveling to India? You are in for a treat – Explore here!
Here are a few articles from this site – use the menu at the very top of this page to discover many more…
Desi people can come from countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and Maldives. The term can also be used to describe aspects of Indian origin culture, including food, clothing, music, and art.
What should we eat?
Nutrition guidance has come a long way, evolving to meet changing dietary needs and knowledge. Let us compare two significant nutrition guides: the Food Pyramid and My Plate. While these are mainly US based guidelines, care should be used while following any guidelines.
The Food Pyramid (1992)
Advantages of the Food Pyramid:
- Simplicity: The Food Pyramid was easy for the average person to grasp and follow.
- Emphasis on Grains, Fruits, and Vegetables: It encouraged a diet rich in grains, fruits, and vegetables, promoting a well-rounded intake.
- Limitation of Unhealthy Fats: It discouraged the excessive consumption of unhealthy fats and oils.
Disadvantages of the Food Pyramid:
- Lack of Grain Differentiation: The Food Pyramid didn’t distinguish between whole grains and refined grains like white bread or rice.
- Protein Oversight: It didn’t emphasize the importance of protein in the diet.
- USDA Funding: Critics pointed out that the Food Pyramid was funded by the USDA, raising concerns about potential industry influence.
My Plate (2011)
Advantages of My Plate:
- Ease of Use: My Plate offers a straightforward visual representation of a balanced meal.
- Fruits and Vegetables Focus: It places a strong emphasis on filling half your plate with fruits and vegetables.
- Clarity on Grains and Protein: My Plate provides clearer guidance on differentiating between grains and protein sources.
Disadvantages of My Plate:
- Neglect of Fats and Oils: My Plate doesn’t differentiate between various types of fats and oils.
- USDA Funding: Similar to the Food Pyramid, My Plate’s connection to the USDA has raised questions regarding potential industry influence.
A simple approach for Overall Health
Maintaining good health doesn’t require following one specific dietary guide. Here are some common-sense tips to help you make informed choices:
- Diverse Diet: Consume a variety of foods from all food groups for balanced nutrition.
- Whole Foods: Prioritize whole, unprocessed foods over processed alternatives.
- Limit Processed Foods: Reduce intake of processed foods, sugary drinks, and unhealthy fats.
- Portion Control: Be mindful of portion sizes to avoid overeating.
- Regular Exercise: Incorporate regular physical activity into your routine for a healthy lifestyle.
Seeking Nutritional Guidance
Navigating the sea of nutrition information can be daunting. Here’s how to find reliable advice:
- Trust Reputable Sources: Seek information from trusted organizations like the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and the Mayo Clinic.
- Be Skeptical: Be cautious of exaggerated claims and “miracle” cures; if it sounds too good to be true, it often is.
- Do Your Research: Educate yourself by reading books and articles on nutrition and consulting with professionals like your doctor or a registered dietitian.
Be Cautious, and learn what works
Don’t rely solely on one dietary guide or source of information. Instead, be discerning and gather knowledge from various reputable sources. Tailor your diet to your individual needs, striving for balance and health in your food choices. Remember, you are in control of your nutritional journey.
New Discoveries are Changing Our Understanding of Ancient India
Summary
Recent archaeological discoveries are changing our understanding of ancient India, particularly the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC). This civilization is now believed to be much older and more extensive than previously thought, dating back to around 8000 BCE and covering an area of 1.5 million square kilometers. The IVC showcased advanced urban planning, sophisticated technology, and a complex writing system that remains undeciphered.
New evidence suggests a strong continuity between the IVC and later Indian cultures, challenging earlier theories of a complete break between ancient and more recent civilizations. Ongoing research, including genetic studies and climate analysis, is providing fresh insights into the people of ancient India and the factors that influenced their society. These findings are prompting experts to reconsider the timeline and nature of ancient Indian civilization, revealing a more advanced and complex society than previously believed.
Introduction
The origins of ancient Indian civilization have captivated scholars, historians, and the public for generations. Recent archaeological discoveries, genetic studies, and linguistic reevaluations have reignited interest in one of the world’s oldest and most influential cultures. This article delves into the latest findings on the development of ancient Indian civilization, highlighting its remarkable continuity despite evidence of migrations and cultural exchanges.
The Foundations of Ancient Indian Civilization
At the heart of ancient Indian civilization lies the Saraswati-Sindhu Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization. Recent archaeological findings and satellite imagery have confirmed the existence of the once-mythical Saraswati River, prompting a reassessment of this civilization’s geographical extent and significance.
Geographical Extent
The Saraswati-Sindhu Civilization spanned a vast area, with settlements stretching from present-day Pakistan to northwest India. This civilization thrived along the banks of the Saraswati and Indus rivers, establishing a network of urban centers. (Sites have been found across a vast area, including parts of modern-day Pakistan, India, and even Afghanistan. Read more)
Key Characteristics
Flourishing between 3300-1300 BCE, the Saraswati-Sindhu Civilization was marked by advanced urban planning and technological innovations. Cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-daro featured sophisticated drainage systems, standardized weights and measures, and advanced metallurgy. These achievements laid the groundwork for many aspects of later Indian culture.
Advanced Urban Planning
The urban planning of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro was remarkable for its time, with grid-patterned streets, public baths, and efficient waste disposal systems. These features challenge the notion that ancient Indian urban planning was influenced solely by external forces.
Archaeological Discoveries
Significance of Recent Findings
Recent archaeological discoveries have greatly expanded our understanding of the Saraswati-Sindhu Civilization. Excavations along the dried-up Saraswati riverbed have uncovered numerous settlements, suggesting a broader geographical extent than previously recognized.
Artifacts and Cultural Practices
Artifacts such as fire altars, seals depicting yogic postures, and figurines representing deities like Shiva provide evidence of cultural and religious practices that persisted into the Vedic period. These findings underscore the continuity of cultural traditions from the Harappan to the Vedic era.
Continuity from Harappan to Vedic Culture
Seamless Transition
One of the most fascinating aspects of ancient Indian history is the continuity between the Harappan (Saraswati-Sindhu) and Vedic cultures. This continuity challenges the traditional narrative of a sharp divide between these periods and suggests an organic development of Indian civilization.
Archaeological Evidence
Fire Altars and Yogic Postures
Archaeological evidence, such as the presence of fire altars and yogic postures depicted on seals, indicates a strong link between Harappan and later Hindu iconography. These elements highlight the persistence of cultural practices over millennia.
Symbolic Continuity
Symbols and motifs found in Harappan artifacts, such as the swastik and the pipal tree, continued to hold significance in Vedic and later Hindu culture. This symbolic continuity reinforces the idea of a seamless cultural transition.
Genetic Studies and Ancestry
Overview of Genetic Findings
Genetic studies have shed light on the ancestry of modern Indians, revealing a complex history of migrations and admixtures. Research indicates that contemporary Indian populations are derived from a mix of indigenous hunter-gatherers, Iranian farmers, and Central Asian pastoralists.
Migrations and Admixtures
These genetic findings support the idea of gradual migrations and cultural exchanges rather than a single, dramatic invasion. This reinforces the continuity and indigenous development of Indian civilization.
Gradual Cultural Exchanges
The genetic evidence suggests that cultural exchanges occurred over extended periods, leading to the synthesis of diverse traditions and practices. This gradual process contributed to the rich diversity of Indian culture.
Revisiting the Aryan Debate
Historical Context
Colonial Origins
The Aryan Invasion/Migration Theory emerged from 18th and 19th-century European Indology, influenced by colonial and racial agendas. European scholars transformed the Sanskrit term “Aryan,” meaning noble or exalted, into a racial category to support these agendas.
Aryan Migration Theory
Cultural Exchange vs. Replacement
More recent scholarship has shifted towards an Aryan Migration Theory (AMT), suggesting a gradual influx of Indo-European speaking people into the subcontinent. However, migration does not necessarily equate to cultural replacement or dominance. Instead, it often leads to a complex process of cultural exchange and synthesis.
Indigenous Developments
Significant evidence supports the indigenous development of Indian culture. The Vedic period, often viewed as a product of external influence, was a time of profound intellectual and spiritual development deeply rooted in the Indian subcontinent.
Linguistic Insights
Interactions Between Languages
Linguistic research has revealed complex interactions between Indo-European and Dravidian languages, indicating a long history of linguistic exchange and synthesis. These interactions reflect the deep-rooted cultural exchanges within the subcontinent.
Saraswati-Sindhu Script
The undeciphered script of the Saraswati-Sindhu Civilization remains a focus of ongoing research. Potential links to later Indian scripts suggest a continuity in written communication that further connects ancient and later Indian cultures.
Indigenous Innovations
Mathematical and Scientific Contributions
Decimal System and Concept of Zero
Ancient Indian mathematicians made significant contributions, including the development of the decimal system and the concept of zero. These mathematical advancements have roots in the earlier Saraswati-Sindhu Civilization.
Advances in Astronomy and Medicine
In the realm of science, ancient Indians made advancements in astronomy, medicine (Ayurveda), and metallurgy. Discoveries related to these fields in Harappan sites suggest that many developments have roots in the earlier Saraswati-Sindhu Civilization.
Metallurgy and Other Technologies
The Saraswati-Sindhu Civilization was also known for its advanced metallurgy, with evidence of sophisticated metalworking techniques. These technologies laid the foundation for later innovations in Indian civilization.
Cultural Continuity in Daily Life
Farming and Building Practices
Research has shown that farming methods, house-building plans, and other practical aspects of daily life have continued in areas surrounding the Harappan civilization up to the present day. This continuity reflects the deep-rooted traditions of Indian culture.
Artifacts and Traditional Practices
Artifacts such as ornaments, toys, and tools for wedding ceremonies demonstrate a remarkable continuity in cultural practices. These items highlight the enduring legacy of ancient Indian traditions.
Academic Discourse and Bias
Critique of Mainstream Theories
Despite the growing body of evidence supporting the indigenous development of Indian civilization, the Aryan Invasion/Migration Theory persists in mainstream academia. This persistence reflects a Western academic bias that continues to marginalize indigenous scholarship.
Indigenous Scholarship
Indigenous scholars have provided alternative perspectives that emphasize the continuity and indigenous roots of Indian civilization. These viewpoints challenge outdated theories and offer a more balanced understanding of ancient Indian history.
Towards a Balanced Perspective
Recognizing Continuity and Exchange
As new evidence emerges, it becomes clear that the story of ancient Indian civilization is complex. Recognizing both the continuity from the Saraswati-Sindhu period through the Vedic age and the dynamic exchanges and influences over millennia provides a more comprehensive view.
Importance of Indigenous Developments
Acknowledging the indigenous developments in mathematics, science, philosophy, and daily practices highlights the profound intellectual and cultural contributions of ancient Indian civilization.
Encouraging Informed Conclusions
Evaluating Evidence
By presenting a holistic view of ancient Indian history, readers are encouraged to critically evaluate the evidence and form their own informed opinions. This approach fosters a greater appreciation of the rich heritage of Indian civilization.
Appreciating Cultural Continuity
Understanding the continuity of Indian culture allows for a deeper appreciation of its lasting impact on modern society. It also emphasizes the importance of preserving and studying ancient traditions and knowledge.
Conclusion: Embracing Complexity and Continuity
The quest to understand the origins and development of ancient Indian civilization is ongoing. New discoveries and interpretations continually reshape our understanding. By embracing the complexity of this history, we can appreciate the rich tapestry of influences, innovations, and developments that have shaped one of the world’s oldest and most enduring civilizations.
As research continues, it is vital to approach the subject with both scientific rigor and cultural sensitivity. The story of ancient India is not just about invasions or migrations, but a testament to human ingenuity, spiritual depth, and the power of cultural continuity and indigenous development.
The study of ancient Indian civilization reminds us of the shared human heritage that connects us all, transcending modern national and cultural boundaries. It’s a story of remarkable continuity amidst change, inviting us to explore, question, and marvel at the achievements of our ancestors and their lasting impact on the world today.
FAQs
1. What is the history of the Indus Valley Civilization or Saraswati Sindhu Civilization? The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Saraswati-Sindhu Civilization, thrived between 3300-1300 BCE. It was notable for its advanced urban planning, sophisticated drainage systems, standardized weights and measures, and advanced metallurgy. Major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-daro showcased these achievements. The civilization’s decline around 1900 BCE remains debated, with theories including climate change and social upheaval.
2. What impact did Aryan migrations have on Indian society? The Aryan Migration Theory suggests that Indo-European speaking people gradually migrated into the Indian subcontinent, integrating with the existing cultures. Unlike the Aryan Invasion Theory, which proposed a dramatic conquest, the Migration Theory supports the idea of cultural exchanges and synthesis. However, actual evidence points to significant continuity and indigenous development from the Saraswati-Sindhu period to the Vedic age.
3. What evidence supports cultural continuity in ancient India? Evidence supporting cultural continuity in ancient India includes:
- Archaeological findings of fire altars, yogic postures, and symbols in both Harappan and Vedic contexts.
- B.B. Lal’s research showing the continued use of farming methods, house-building plans, ornaments, and children’s toys from the Harappan period to modern times.
- Religious practices like the traditional Hindu greeting “Namaste” and representations of deities like Shiva, linking Harappan and later Hindu traditions.
4. What are the origins of Indo-European languages? The origins of Indo-European languages are debated. The Aryan Invasion/Migration Theories suggest these languages spread into India through migrations from Central Asia or Europe. Alternatively, the Out of India Theory proposes that Indo-European languages originated in India and spread outward. Genetic and linguistic evidence points to complex interactions, emphasizing the indigenous development of Indian culture.
5. How do ancient Indian texts and scriptures relate to the Saraswati-Sindhu Civilization?
Ancient Indian texts like the Vedas and Upanishads reference the Saraswati River and cultural practices observed in the Saraswati-Sindhu Civilization, indicating a direct link and continuity between these periods. The intellectual and spiritual advancements during the Vedic period show clear continuity with earlier Indian thought.
6. What is the significance of the Saraswati-Sindhu Civilization in ancient Indian history?
The Saraswati-Sindhu Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, is one of the world’s oldest and most advanced ancient cultures. Flourishing between 3300-1300 BCE, it featured sophisticated urban planning, advanced drainage systems, standardized weights and measures, and a complex social organization. This civilization laid the foundation for many aspects of later Indian culture.
7. How does recent archaeological evidence support the existence of the Saraswati River?
Recent archaeological findings and satellite imagery have confirmed the existence of the Saraswati River. Discoveries include ancient riverbeds and numerous settlement sites along its course, suggesting that the Saraswati-Sindhu Civilization extended beyond the traditionally recognized Indus Valley region.
8. How do genetic studies contribute to our understanding of ancient Indian civilization?
Genetic studies reveal that modern Indians have ancestry from multiple ancient populations, including indigenous hunter-gatherers, Iranian farmers, and Central Asian pastoralists. These findings indicate a history of multiple migrations and cultural exchanges, supporting a complex and dynamic process of cultural development in ancient India.
9. What are the main criticisms of the Aryan Invasion Theory (AIT)?
The Aryan Invasion Theory (AIT) has been criticized for its colonial and racial undertones, which suggested that Indian civilization developed primarily due to external influences from invading Aryans. Critics argue that AIT lacks concrete archaeological evidence and ignores significant indigenous developments in Indian culture. The theory has largely been replaced by the Aryan Migration Theory (AMT), which proposes gradual migrations instead of a single invasion which again ignores significant indigenous developments. Both promote the idea that without the outside influences from the west there would be no indigenous development in Indian subcontinent.
11. How does the Aryan Migration Theory (AMT) differ from the Aryan Invasion Theory (AIT)?
The Aryan Migration Theory (AMT) suggests that Indo-European speaking people gradually migrated into the Indian subcontinent over a long period, integrating with existing cultures. This contrasts with the Aryan Invasion Theory (AIT), which proposed a dramatic and violent conquest by invading Aryans. AMT acknowledges a complex process of cultural exchange and synthesis rather than outright replacement. Both promote the idea that without the outside influences from the west there would be no indigenous development in Indian subcontinent.
12. Why is the original meaning of the term “Aryan” significant in this debate?
The term “Aryan” originally meant noble or exalted in Sanskrit and was used in ancient Indian texts to respectfully refer or address noble, esteemed and honorable persons, not a racial category.
The European reinterpretation of “Aryan” as a racial term served colonial and racial agendas, leading to harmful theories of racial superiority. Recognizing the original meaning highlights the cultural and linguistic significance without the racial connotations imposed by later interpretations.
13. What role did B.B. Lal’s research play in understanding ancient Indian culture?
B.B. Lal, a prominent archaeologist, conducted extensive research showing the continuity of cultural practices from the Harappan (Saraswati-Sindhu) Civilization to modern times. His findings include evidence of farming methods, house-building plans, ornaments, religious rituals, and children’s toys that have persisted in areas surrounding ancient Harappan sites. This supports the idea of cultural continuity and indigenous development in Indian civilization.
14. How does the critique of modern academic discourse relate to the Aryan theories?
The critique of modern academic discourse highlights the persistence of biases that uphold outdated Aryan theories, despite emerging evidence supporting indigenous Indian achievements. This bias impacts Indian identity by perpetuating a sense of inferiority and marginalizing indigenous scholarship. Addressing these biases is essential for a more accurate and balanced understanding of ancient Indian history.
Extent of the Saraswati Sindu Civilization sites
- According to the Ancient History Encyclopedia, over 1,000 cities and settlements have been found, primarily in the general region of the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra Rivers and their tributaries.
- According to the The Harappa.com website, a reputable source for IVC information, over 2,600 sites have been discovered, of which more than 1,400 are located in India and more than 1,000 in Pakistan.
- Major urban centers include Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, Ganeriwala, Rakhigarhi, and Lothal.
- Rakhigarhi in India has recently been found to be larger than Mohenjo-daro, making it potentially the largest known IVC site.
- The civilization covered a vast area, estimated at around 1.5 million square kilometers, spanning modern-day Pakistan, parts of northern India, and parts of Afghanistan.
- Recent studies using satellite imagery have identified additional potential sites, suggesting that the number of known IVC locations may continue to grow with further research.
Sources
Reich, D. et al. (2009). Reconstructing Indian population history. Nature, 461(7263), 489-494.
Narasimhan, V.M. et al. (2019). The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia. Science, 365(6457).
Kenoyer, J.M. (1998). Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Oxford University Press.
Witzel, M. (1999). Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan. Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, 5(1).
Valdiya, K. S. (2017). Prehistoric River Saraswati, Western India: Geological Appraisal and Social Aspects. Springer.
Lal, B. B. (2002). The Sarasvati Flows On: The Continuity of Indian Culture. Aryan Books International.
Bryant, E. F. (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford University Press.
Kak, S. (2015). The Astronomical Code of the Rigveda. Aditya Prakashan.
Trautmann, T. R. (1997). Aryans and British India. University of California Press.
Holy Cow?! Where’s the Beef?
Summary
India is a country with a rich and diverse culture. There are many different traditions and practices, but one thing that many Indians have in common is their respect and love for cows.
Cows have been part of Indian life for centuries. They have helped farmers plow their fields and fertilize their crops. They have also provided milk and other dairy products, which are essential sources of nutrition for many Indians.
In addition to their practical benefits, cows are also seen as symbols of life, abundance, and prosperity. They are often depicted in art and literature as gentle and nurturing creatures.
For many Indians, cows are more than just animals. They are sacred beings that deserve to be protected and respected. If you ever visit India, you’re sure to see cows roaming freely through the streets and countryside. They are a reminder of the country’s rich history and culture, and they are a source of great pride for Indians everywhere.
Why beef is not popular in India!
The average person in most of the modern world would be disgusted by the idea of eating cat or dog meat. This is because they are the most popular pets are often considered to be a part of the family in cultures all around the world. They are cherished and loved, and the thought of harming them is unthinkable. In fact, a 2017 survey found that only 2% of Americans would be willing to even consider trying cat or dog meat.
In that sense, for an average Indian who has a strong cultural connection with cows, the idea of eating beef would be equally repulsive and the thought abhorrent. Cows are considered sacred and revered animals in the culture and the Hindu religion, and they are seen as a symbol of purity and prosperity. (What is Hindu or Hinduism?)
There are several reasons why cows are held in such high regard in India.
First, they are seen as providers of important nourishment (Indians make and consume a lot of diary products – cheese, butter, ghee, sweets, yogurt and buttermilk etc.) and of course, milk. Cows are also used for plowing and transportation, and their dung is used as fuel and fertilizer.
Second, cows are seen as gentle and docile creatures. They are often depicted as symbols of peace and compassion. And in the largely agricultural society they are part of the farmers’ family.
Third, cows are associated with fertility and prosperity. In Hinduism, the goddess Lakshmi (The Goddess of Wealth, Prosperity and Abundance) is often depicted riding a cow, and cows are sometimes (traditionally in farming families) given as gifts to newlywed couples as they start a new life together.
It is illegal to kill or eat a cow in India in most states, and for many Indians, the thought of doing so is as seen as morally wrong as murder. In fact, a 2015 study found that only 1% of Indians would be willing to try beef.
Given their intelligence, gentle nature, and cultural significance, it is understandable why cows are held in such high regard in India. For many, if not most Indians, the thought of eating beef is simply unthinkable.
Why are Cows special?
In addition to their cultural significance, did you know that cows are also highly intelligent animals. They have been shown to be capable of problem-solving, learning, and even forming emotional bonds with humans.
Cows have been known to nuzzle their caretakers and lick their faces. They may also follow their caretakers around and stay close to them. Cows have been known to become upset when their caretakers leave them, and they may even cry.
One study that looked at the behavior of cows when they were reunited with their caretakers after a period of separation found that the cows showed a number of signs of excitement and happiness, including:
- Increased vocalizations
- Increased activity levels
- Increased social interactions with other cows
- Increased attention-seeking behavior
- The study’s authors concluded that cows form strong emotional bonds with their caretakers, and that they experience joy when they are reunited with them.
Cows have been known to stop eating or drinking when their caretakers are sick or dying.
- They may also become restless or agitated, and they may vocalize their distress.
- In some cases, cows have even been known to try to escape from their pens or enclosures in order to be with their caretakers.
One study that looked at the behavior of cows after the death of their owner found that they showed a number of signs of distress, including:
- Reduced activity levels
- Decreased milk production
- Increased vocalizations
- Increased social interactions with other cows
- Increased attention-seeking behavior
The study’s authors concluded that cows are capable of forming strong emotional bonds with their caretakers, and that they experience a great deal of grief, distress and loss when their owners die.
These experiences are common among those who have, for generations, been around cows their entire lives.
For them, eating their cows or any cow for that matter is extremely distressing and emotional.
The culture of reverence is a result of hundreds if not thousands of years of a continuous civilization which was largely agrarian, dependent on and emotionally attached to cattle in their daily lives.
Do Indians eat meat at all?
Indians eat a variety of meats, but the most popular are chicken, goat, fish, lamb, pork, and in some rare cases buffalo. The consumption of beef is taboo in some parts of India, due to the religious and cultural significance of cows. The type of meat eaten will depend on personal preferences, as well as the region and local culture.
Does everyone in India eat meat?
Not everyone in India eats meat (In India meat is understood as including eggs, fish, shellfish and any form of seafood).
The consumption of meat in India has varied over time, influenced by a variety of factors. In ancient times, meat was a regular part of the Indian diet, but the advent of Jainism and Buddhism led to a shift towards vegetarianism and veganism.
Today, vegetarianism and plant-based diets are increasingly popular among Indians, particularly among urban populations. Environmental concerns, health benefits, and ethical considerations are among the reasons cited for this growing trend. Even those who do consume meat tend to be mindful of compassionate treatment towards all life.
“The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated”
Mahatma Gandhi
How much meat do Indians eat?
India has one of the lowest meat consumption rates in the world, with the average Indian consuming just 4.4 kilograms (9.7 pounds) of meat per year. This is far below the global average of 34.3 kilograms (75.7 pounds) per year. There are a number of factors that contribute to India’s low meat consumption, including religious beliefs, cultural norms, and health concerns.
Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism are the three major religions in India, and all of them emphasize non-violence and compassion towards all living beings. This has led to a widespread practice of vegetarianism in India, with around 80% of Indians following a vegetarian diet.
Even those who do eat meat tend to do so in moderation. In addition, meat can be expensive and not always available in rural areas, and some people are concerned about the environmental impact of meat production.
Holy Cow! But Why?
In ancient India, cattle played a vital role in the agrarian society, and they were considered a symbol of wealth and prosperity. The significance of cattle in agricultural life and their association with wealth can be understood through several factors:
Agricultural labor

Cattle, especially oxen, were used as draught animals to plow fields and till the soil. Their strength and power were harnessed to assist in various farming activities, making agriculture more productive and efficient. With the help of cattle, farmers could cultivate larger areas of land and increase crop yields.
Transportation

Cattle were used to pull carts and carry agricultural produce, goods, and people from one place to another. This contributed to the transportation of goods and the development of trade and commerce.
Dairy products
Cows were primarily kept for their milk, which was a staple in the Indian diet. The surplus milk was used to produce dairy products like ghee, yogurt, butter, and cheese. These products not only provided essential nutrition but also had economic value as they could be sold or bartered in local markets.
Fertilizer and land enrichment
Cow dung served as a valuable natural fertilizer. It enhanced soil fertility, promoted healthy crop growth, and helped maintain soil structure. The use of cow dung as manure was an important agricultural practice that led to better crop yields.
Social status and gift-giving
Owning cattle was a sign of wealth and prosperity in ancient Indian society. The possession of a large herd of cattle elevated a person’s social status. Cattle were often given as gifts during weddings, festivals, and other significant events, showcasing the giver’s wealth and generosity.
Religious rituals
Cattle were sometimes used in religious rituals, especially cow’s milk and it’s products play an important part further highlighting their sacred and auspicious nature. Kings and wealthy individuals would often participate in such ceremonies to display their piety and affluence.
Symbol of abundance
Cattle, particularly cows, were considered symbols of abundance, fertility, and prosperity. They represented the life-giving forces of nature and were associated with prosperity, which contributed to their perceived value.
The concept of cattle being valuable assets was prevalent among both common people and the royals. For common people, owning cattle meant having a means of livelihood, a source of sustenance, and an essential companion in agricultural activities. It also provided economic security, as cattle could be traded or sold in times of need.
For kings and rulers, the possession of a large herd of cattle was a measure of their wealth and influence. Cattle formed a significant portion of the state’s wealth and resources. Kings often patronized agriculture and cattle rearing, as it contributed to the prosperity of their kingdoms and the welfare of their subjects.
Milk
Milk and milk products hold significant cultural, nutritional, and economic importance in the daily lives of Indians across the country. India is one of the largest producers and consumers of dairy products in the world. Here are some key aspects of the significance of milk and milk products in India:
Nutritional staple
Milk is a rich source of essential nutrients like calcium, protein, vitamins, and minerals. It forms a crucial part of the Indian diet, especially for children, pregnant women, and the elderly, as it provides essential nutrients for growth, bone health, and overall well-being.
Traditional cuisine
Milk and milk products are used extensively in traditional Indian cuisine, adding flavor and richness to various dishes. For example:
Ghee (clarified butter): Used for cooking, frying, and flavoring traditional Indian dishes.
Paneer (Indian cottage cheese): A versatile dairy product used in curries, snacks, and desserts.
Dahi (yogurt): A staple side dish, often eaten with rice or used as a base for raita and buttermilk. In the south no meal is complete without rice with curd/yogurt/buttermilk.
Sweets and desserts: Indian sweets, also known as mithai, are an integral part of the culture and celebrations. Many of these sweets, such as kheer (rice pudding), gulab jamun, and rasgulla, are made using milk and milk products, giving them a delectable taste and creamy texture.
Beverages: Milk is used in various beverages, including masala chai (spiced tea) and lassi (a refreshing yogurt-based drink). These drinks are popular across India and are enjoyed daily by people of all ages.
Religious and cultural significance
Milk is offered as a symbol of purity and devotion in religious ceremonies and rituals across diverse Indian communities. Pouring milk over idols and using it in prayers and offerings are common practices in temples and homes.
Economic livelihood
Dairy farming and milk production form an essential source of livelihood for millions of farmers and rural communities in India. The dairy industry contributes significantly to the rural economy and provides employment opportunities.
Ayurvedic medicine
Milk and milk products are used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for their medicinal properties. They are often prescribed as part of herbal formulations to support various health conditions.
Social and hospitality customs
Offering milk-based beverages and sweets to guests is a common hospitality tradition in India. It reflects warmth, generosity, and respect towards visitors.
The daily use of milk and milk products in India is deeply embedded in the culinary, cultural, and social fabric of the country. The versatile nature of dairy products and their significance in various aspects of life has made them an essential and cherished part of the Indian way of living.
The cow is thus revered as a giver of life and health.
Cow Dung or Manure
Cow manure, also known as cow dung, has been used as a valuable resource in Indian villages for centuries due to its numerous benefits. Here’s a brief explanation of how cow manure is used as fertilizer and in other ways in Indian villages:
Fertilizer
Cow dung is rich in organic matter and essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. As a natural fertilizer, it enhances soil fertility and improves crop yield. In traditional agriculture, farmers collect cow dung and mix it with water to create a slurry that is spread directly onto the fields as a fertilizer. This practice is commonly used in small-scale farming in rural areas.
Composting
Cow dung is often composted with other organic materials, like crop residues and kitchen waste, to create nutrient-rich compost. This compost is used to enrich the soil, promoting healthier plant growth and reducing the need for chemical fertilizers.
Fuel
In many Indian villages, cow dung is used as a source of fuel for cooking and heating. It is mixed with hay or rice husk, dried, after being formed into cakes or patties, and then used as a clean-burning fuel in traditional mud stoves. This practice helps conserve other sources of fuel, such as wood or fossil fuels.
Building material
In rural areas, cow dung is mixed with mud or clay to create a natural plaster or building material. This mixture is used to construct walls and floors, providing insulation and durability to traditional dwellings.
“Cow dung has a special property. Unlike other natural residual materials, it is hydrophobic, in other words, water resistant. In India, people use cow dung for the outer layer of their houses to protect them from the rain”
Source
Rituals and religious ceremonies
Cow dung is considered sacred in Hinduism, and it is used in various religious ceremonies and rituals. It is often shaped into small balls and placed in the home or at temples as a symbol of auspiciousness and purification.
Pest repellent
Cow dung is known to have insect-repellent properties. Cow dung is mixed with water and neem leaves, which are then applied on walls and floors to repel mosquitoes and other insects.
The use of cow dung as a resource in Indian villages reflects the sustainable and resourceful practices that have been passed down through generations. While modern agricultural and technological practices have evolved, cow dung remains an important aspect of traditional village life, contributing to agricultural productivity, household needs, and cultural rituals.
Even a dead cow gives more!
After the cow’s natural death, its skin, hooves, bones and horns are collected and used for various purposes.Here are some examples of how different parts of the cow have been utilized:
Leather and hide
The cow’s hide is used to produce leather, which is widely used to make various products like shoes, belts, bags, wallets, and traditional footwear (such as sandals and juttis). The tanning and processing of cowhide have been traditional crafts in India for centuries. Leather is also used for making musical instruments such as drums, tablas, and harmoniums. Some people also use cow skin to make rugs, mats, and blankets.
Bones
The bones of a cow are used to make bone meal, which is a rich source of calcium and phosphorus that can be used as a fertilizer for crops and gardens. Bone meal is also used as an animal feed supplement, especially for poultry and fish. Some people also use cow bones to make buttons, combs, dice, jewelry, and other items.
Horns
The horns of a cow are used to make horn meal, which is similar to bone meal but has more nitrogen and less phosphorus. Horn meal can be used as a fertilizer. Horns are also used to make decorative items such as bowls, cups, spoons, knives, and sculptures. Some people also use cow horns to make musical instruments such as trumpets, flutes, and shofars.
Hooves
The hooves of a cow are used to make hoof meal, which is another type of fertilizer. Hooves are also used to make glue, which can be used for various purposes such as woodworking, paper making, and bookbinding.
Cows are much more than pets
In MOST cultures (including in India) it’s unthinkable to eat their pets or fur babies for food as a special treat or delicacy. As we saw above the role of a cow is integral to one’s daily life for several centuries – if not more.
The cow has been an integral part of daily lives of common Indians for thousands of years!
To Recap:
Indians perceive cows as sacred beings, often referred as embodying a motherly figure, providing sustenance and nurturing life.
Cows are considered gentle and nurturing animals, symbolizing abundance and prosperity.
Cows have been integral to Indian agriculture, providing milk, fertilizer, and other resources, making them indispensable for sustenance and survival.
The cow’s gentle and nurturing nature, along with its practical contributions to the household, reinforce the emotional bond between humans and cows.
The emotional connection and reverence towards cows make the idea of consuming cow meat is emotionally distressing and unthinkable for many Indians.
The slaughtering and consumption of cows for beef is legally restricted in several states in India. These laws are rooted in the cultural beliefs and sentiments associated with cows.
We hope this makes it clear why beef is not popular in Indian culture.
The term Desi can refer to people of Indian subcontinent origin or ancestry, or it can refer to the cultural practices and products of the region.
Desi food, will include dishes such as biryani, Pongal, samosas, Dosa, Idli, Parantha, Chawal and dal, while Desi fashion may feature traditional clothing styles like sarees, salwar kameez, Dhoti, and kurta pajama.
Desi music may include traditional folk music (dozens of styles), classical music (also several distinct schools), traditional dance (several traditional and ancient styles) and popular movie or music genres like Bollywood, Tollywood, Kollywood, Mollywood (all different regional language film industry names – a play on the word Hollywood).
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